For everyday life, vigorous hand washing is good enough to remove most of the germs. However, if you are in a public place and can't get to a sink, or if someone in your house actually has a stomach bug, I would also recommend using a hand sanitizer that has been tested and approved to kill norovirus. I do not recommend using regular 60-65% alcohol hand sanitizer gels such Purell because they have been shown to be ineffective against norovirus¹. 

Everyone is now wondering which hand sanitizer kills the Ebola virus? Unfortunately, I don't think that any hand sanitizers have been tested against Ebola. Very few labs are allowed to work with Ebola, and Ebola is not available for efficacy testing in the United States.  The CDC recommending using products that claim to kill other non-enveloped viruses (like the difficult to kill norovirus).  So, I still recommend my 4 favorite hand sanitizers that kill norovirus. (Clorox Hand Sanitizing Spray, Zylast, GFS BioProtect, and GermStar Noro). 

It was previously thought that norovirus was resistant to alcohol and that alcohol hand sanitizers didn't work against norovirus. Unlike most viruses, human norovirus won't grow in a petri dish. It does not want to attack cells in a petri dish, it only likes to attack people. This makes human norovirus very difficult to study. So, most researches study viruses that are closely related to human norovirus and HOPE that their results are applicable to human norovirus. One of the viruses they study is Feline calicivirus. This virus is VERY resistant to alcohol which started the "alcohol doesn't kill norovirus" thing. Now researchers are also using murine norovirus. This virus is genetically more closely related to human norovirus. Murine norovirus is killed by alcohol.¹  In addition, the thick "gels" in the gel hand sanitizers it thought to "protect" the norovirus. This is why the Clorox hand sanitizers and Germstar Noro hand saintizer that I recommend are liquid spray. 

There has been a recent breakthrough in growing norovirus in a lab so maybe soon products will be able to be tested on the real human norovirus. Here are the hand sanitizers that I have been using that have been tested against norovirus. There may be other hand sanitizers that kill norovirus but they haven't been tested or won't release the results. I, however, can only recommend a hand sanitizer that HAS been tested and shown to kill norovirus AND the company would give me the test information. 

Clorox Hand Sanitizing Spray

Clorox Bleach-Free Hand Sanitizing Spray kills norovirus. Here is a link to the test data that I received from Clorox about it. This is a liquid spray hand sanitizer with 71% ethanol. It does not contain bleach. I have seen its test data from Clorox. It was tested against Feline Calicivirus and it killed 99.3%. That is pretty good since Feline Calicivirus is very resistant to alcohol. It would have probably done better if they tested against Murine Norovirus. It is not available in most stores. You can order it on amazon. I have been using this hand sanitizer myself and I really like it. Like all alcohol sanitizers, it can sting if your hands have cuts on them. I have done some experiments with it myself which you can see here. This spray works the best if you use a lot and really soak your hands and then rub. It does not work well if your hands are covered in dirt. So, wipe your hands with a wipe first if they are visibly dirty and then use the spray. It does not leave a sticky film and is safe to use on kids hands. I also LOVE the "Norophobe Zone" magnet that this pack of Clorox Hand Sanitizer comes with.  

Zylast-- Use Zylast coupon code "StopNorovirus" when checking out at http://www.zylastdirect.com/catalog.php to get 10% off your order. 

Zylast Antiseptic is a very exciting new hand sanitizer that kills the norovirus surrogate Feline calicivirus 99.97%! It also possesses some residual activity and has been shown to continue working for about 6 hours against bacteria. It was not tested for residual activity against norovirus. It's active ingredient is 76% ethanol. The company claims that the "Zylast Technology" makes it kill norovirus much better than ethanol alone. They also sell the Zylast Antiseptic Lotion. The company told me that the lotion has NOT BEEN tested for its ability to kill norovirus and the ingredients are different.  So I recommend buying Zylast Antiseptic and NOT Zylast lotion. I tested the zylast antiseptic, and it did a great job killing bacteria when you first use it. I was unable to show that it continues to work, though. The thing I love most about Zylast antiseptic is that it kills bacteria well even on visibly dirty hands so it is a good choice for kids. You can see my experimental test results here. It does leave a bit of a sticky film. However, it is QUIETER to use compared to the sprays during church. Here is the technical information about Zylast. If you order from www.zylastdirect.com, use the coupon code "StopNorovirus" to get 10% off your order. 

Zylast Antiseptic

76% ethanol, Water, Polyaminopropyl Biquanide, Panthenol, Hydroxyethyl Ethylcellulose, Farnesol, Peg-12, Dimethicone, and Benzethonium Chloride.

Zylast Antiseptic LOTION

.2% Benzethonium Chloride, Water, Alcohol Denat., Cetearyl Alcohol, Glycerin, Polyaminopropyl Biquanide, Dimethicone, Stearamidopropyl Dimethylamine, Benzyl Alcohol, Farnesol, Panthenol, Zinc gluconate, Chlorhexidine Digluconate, Citric Acid, Polyquaternium-10, and Tocopheryl Acetate. 

Germstar Noro 

The company Germstar® has specifically designed a hand sanitizer that kills norovirus. It is called Germstar Noro. It's active ingredient is 63% ethanol. So, how could this possibly work when the regular 62% alcohol products don't work very well? I contacted the company to find out. I read their ingredient list, read their test results, and e-mailed the scientist who did the tests. Click here and you can read the test results too. This is what I learned. Germstar®Noro contains an emollient complex that makes it work better. The phrase "emollient complex" probably sounds fishy to you (like an anti-wrinkle cream commercial). Basically, they have added some extra ingredients that make the alcohol work much better. They also did not add glycerin (which most alcohol hand gels contain). They found that the glycerin "protects" the viruses. I believe their results and I trust that Germstar®Noro does kill norovirus, especially since the scientist who tested Germstar®Noro (Dr. Syed Sattar) is one of the top researchers in the field². It is a liquid that comes in a spray bottle. It dries really nice with no stickiness. Like all alcohol hand sanitizers, it stings my knuckles in the winter when they are dry and chapped. Therefore, I usually just put it on my palms and fingers. I don't eat with my knuckles, anyway. It is important to use a lot of the product and really soak your hands and rub, though, if you want to kill ALL the germs. I recommend getting the 2oz bottles for carrying in your purse or coat pocket. Germstar Noro is available on amazon! 

GFS BioProtect Hand Sanitizer--kills a norovirus surrogate, doesn't sting, AND claims to keep working.

GFS BioProtect Hand Sanitizer is the ONLY hand sanitizer that I know of that kills a norovirus surrogate AND does not sting hands. It does not contain alcohol. I have looked at the test data and it was shown to kill 99% of the murine norovirus. Here is their norovirus lab report. It is not quite as much as Zylast, but in the winter when my hands are cracked and bleeding, I simply can't use the alcohol sanitizers. GFS also did great killing bacteria in my experiments which you can see here. GFS BioProtect also claims to continue working for "up to 8 hours" or 5 hand washings. I have not been able to show that any hand sanitizer keeps working. It smells great, though!

The ingredients of the GFS BioProtect are Benzalkonium Chloride (.13%), Polyaminopropyl biguanide, 1-Octadecanaminium-N-N-dimethyl(3-trimethoxysilyl) propyl chloride, C12-C15 Pareth 12, Caprylyl Glucoside, Citronellol, Glycerin, Aloe Barbadenis leaf extract, citric acid, FD&C Blue 1. 

QORE 24 and other Amosil Q 24 hour hand sanitizers--Still waiting on the norovirus test results.

There are 4 hand sanitizers using the active ingredient Amosil Q. They are very exciting because they claim that it kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi for up to 24 hours. The amosil Q forms a layer of microscopic "spikes" on your skin that mechanically kill germs by poking holes in them. They claim the germs die instantly and it remains on your skin for up to 24 hours. The 4 products that I have found are Qore-24, Germ Free 2, Safe Touch 24, and Prefenz. I know for a fact that Qore24, Germ Free 24, and Safe Touch 24 are all exactly the same thing made by the same company. I'm not sure about Prefenze. I contacted the makers of Qore24 in October 2012. They said that they are still waiting for the norovirus test results. They also said that absolutely none of the hand sanitizer is absorbed into your skin or into your body so it is completely safe and non-toxic. I read all of their experimental results and it looks like a fabulous product. I have done some experiments myself with Qore-24.  My experiments show that Qore 24 is a great hand sanitizer right when you use it. It even works well on dirty/soiled hands. However, I have not been able to show that it continues to work. There are still lots of live germs on your hands shortly after using it. You can see my results here. The Qore 24 company completely disagrees with me. 

STERIZAR

The company Germ-Aside also has a very exciting hand sanitizer called Sterizar Hand Foamer. Unfortunately, it is not available in the US at this time. It is only available in the UK. This hand sanitizer promises not only to kill norovirus but also claims to continue working for 6 hours! I have read their experimental procedures and test results and am very impressed. 6 hours after application, the test subjects who used the hand sanitizer had 99% less bacteria on their hands than the control people who did not use the hand sanitizer. Here is a link to all of their test results. It takes forever to download so be patient. When reading hand sanitizer test results it is important to understand what "log" means. Test results always talk about "log reduction". A log reduction of 5, means that the product kills 99.999% of germs. A log reduction of 4, means that it kills 99.99% of germs. A log reduction of 3 means that it kills 99.9% of germs. A log reduction of 2 means that the product kills 99% of germs. A log reduction of 1 means that the product kills 90% of germs. Without this information, it is impossible to understand the test results. 

I contacted the makers of Purell on March 8, 2012 and Oct. 1, 2014 to see if Purell Advanced was effective against norovirus. They said that they could not provide me with any of that information. This does not mean that Purell Advanced DOESN't kill norovirus, it just means that they either haven't tested it or won't/can't release the results of the test. However, if you look at my experimental results comparing Purell Advanced to Zylast, you will see that Zylast does so much better. 

Internet rumors say that Wet Ones Anti-Bacterial Wipes kill norovirus. However, this is unproven. I contacted the Playtex® company (on January 8, 2009) who makes Wet Ones® Antibacterial wipes, and they told me that their wipes have not been tested for their ability to kill norovirus or rotavirus. The active ingredient, Benzethonium Chloride HAS recently been tested for its ability to kill norovirus and it DID NOT KILL NOROVIRUS.³ This is confusing though, because benzethonium chloride is one of the ingredients in Zylast which does a great job killing norovirus. I suspect it is the combination of the alcohol and the benzethonium chloride in Zylast that makes it good at killing norovirus. I am not sure, though. There is a related compound called benzalkonium chloride which has been shown to kill norovirus in ONE research paper but it is not contained in these wipes.⁴ Benzalkonium chloride is contained in many foaming hand sanitizers such as Germ-X foaming hand sanitizer and Pampers Kandoo kids hand sanitizer. However, in the research paper, it took 2 hours for the benzalkonium chloride to kill norovirus so it is very unlikely that the smaller amount contained in these hand sanitizers would kill norovirus. The Germ-X Foaming Hand Sanitizer and the Pampers Kandoo Kids Foaming Hand Sanitizer do not CLAIM to kill norovirus, and I don't think they do. 

If anyone knows of another hand sanitizer for which there is proof that it kills rotavirus and norovirus, please let me know. phd.annie at gmail.com

Is it safe to put hand sanitizer on a child who sucks his/her thumb? 

Many people wonder if it is okay to put hand sanitizer on the hands of a child who sucks his/her thumb. Most hand sanitizers are made with ethyl alcohol (ethanol). That is the same alcohol that people drink in beer and wine. So, ingesting a small amount of ethanol is not going to hurt anyone. I called the Ohio poison control center about this on March 13, 2012 and the nurse told me that it was perfectly safe for a child to eat the tiny bit of ethanol based hand sanitizer that was on his/her hand. I put alcohol hand sanitizer on my daughter and try to make her wait until her hands are dry before she sucks her thumb. I can't vouch for the safety of other ingredients that may be in your particular hand sanitizer or of all the other types of hand sanitzers. However, such tiny amounts probably aren't harmful. I am not proud of this but when my youngest son was 17 months old, he ate a puff of my hair mousse, a finger full of black craft paint, desitin, a mouthful of dryer lint, and one ladybug. I called poison control each time and they said none of it would be a problem since he only ate tiny amounts. My son never got sick and was fine. 

--Annie Pryor, Ph.D.

1.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044752/

2. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18586970 

http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/12/30/disinfectant.superbugs/

3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293670

4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22897744